藍綠色瓷瓦的世界:烏茲別克古城希瓦與布哈拉 A World of Blue Ceramic Tiles: Khiva & Bukhara, Uzbekistan
前情提要 Before this post:
- 規劃一趟42天的自助背包旅行 HOW I PLANNED A 42-DAY SOLO BACKPACKING TRIP
- 塔什干的考驗 Trials of Tashkent
- 開往西方的列車 Train to the west
- 在希瓦和我同框的烏茲別克青年 the young men who intruded my solo photo
消失的青旅 Where is my hostel?
5月10日接近中午,火車來到了一座大站並且停了下來,沒有廣播,月台上也沒有標示,從停車時間也無法判斷到底是哪一站,我只知道身邊幾乎所有人都抓好了大包小包、有點爭先恐後的下車。於是我問一路和我分享食物過來的烏茲別克年輕人,是烏爾根奇(Urgench)嗎?
他們點頭說是,但當我趕忙抓起背包要衝下車時,他們突然又說不不不停下來,到最後我也搞不清楚到底是還不是,直到他們再次叫我下車。我那時想說那就跟著他們先下去吧,反正如果真的不是再跳上車也不遲。幸好走到月台上便看到了Urgench的大字,我便放心地往車站外面走,準備找計程車前往50公里外的古城希瓦(Khiva)。
I arrived in Urgench around noon on May 10. Not sure if this is the place I should get off, I eventually decided to follow the Uzbek friends I met on the train. Fortunately this is it! The first challenge is to fight with taxi drivers, who are the only people to take me to Khiva, which is about 30 miles away.
烏爾根奇火車站 |
烏爾根奇火車站 |
一走出車站,迎面而來的就是漫天叫價的計程車,尤其ㄧ看到我是外國人他們就特別積極。跟我一起從車上走下來的老奶奶不知道跟其中一位司機說了什麼,然後就叫我跟著這位司機上車,開價50,000som,比我原本預期的高了一些,但看在我們一路10幾個小時建立的情誼上,我還是答應了,並且在手機上準備好了青年旅館的名稱和地址給司機看。
往希瓦的路既直又寬,兩側還架著無軌電車(trolleybus)的電線,路旁是平坦且望不到邊際的農年,和我印象中乾燥且貧瘠的中亞很不一樣。這裡是中亞兩大河之一阿姆河(Amu River)的流域,是中亞少數自古以來有穩定水源的地方,也是古代花剌子模(Khwarezmia)王國所在。文明、農業和水源永遠脫不了關係,這件事情似乎舉世皆然。
The drivers in front of the station are really aggressive. They don't speak English, but are super passionate to get you on his car. Ultimately I got on a ride that costs 50,000som -- a bit higher than I expected, but acceptable. The ride was very smooth on a 4-lane highway. Unlike my original imagination of Central Asia (which is essentially a desert), green fields can be seen on both sides.
通往希瓦的四線大道 |
希瓦不是個大城,司機也很順利的把我載到了地圖上顯示青旅的位置,就在古城的入口廣場對面。但是一下車一看,眼前僅有的兩棟建築都不是我預定的青旅,而他們隔壁則是一片廣大的工地,怎麼回事?難不成被騙了?
由於語言不通,我也無法和司機討論或者請他問別人,於是當機立斷決定先下車找個旅館問問看,畢竟旅館裡比較有可能找到可以用英文溝通的人。來到這家叫做Alibek的青旅,我找到了會說英文的老闆,便問他我原本預定的Laliopa在哪邊?得到的答案竟然是,Laliopa沒有了!原本的位置就在我剛剛看到的大片上,現在已經被政府拆掉拿去蓋新的設施了!
既然如此,就得找個新的住宿地點了。我出門繞了一下,也在手機上稍微搜尋了一下其他選項,最後決定就在這家Alibek住下,12USD一晚含早餐。當時想想覺得也好,外面當時氣溫逼近攝氏40度,與其在那邊找半天不如就在這裡住下。(事後才發現,整個希瓦就只剩下這家青旅,所以我本來就沒有別的選項,而且其實Alibek評價還比Laliopa要好一些。)
Khiva is a small town, and the driver easily took me to the location I showed him on Google Maps, which is right in front of the old city. But -- where is my hostel? I don't see any building with that name! I was a bit anxious and started wondering what happened. Then I decided to ask the closest hostel -- at least to find someone who can speak English. Finally I found out the answer -- Laliopa, the hostel I booked originally, was torn down for a larger construction; therefore Alibek, the hostel I came in to ask, became the only backpacker option. Eventually I decided to settle down at Alibek, which costs 12USD per night with breakfast included.
Alibek的二樓涼台就位於古城大門對面,沒事就可以坐在這裡望著古城發呆。 |
Alibek青旅提供的早餐,相當豐富,圖片中是已經被我吃過一半的樣貌,仍然令人印象深刻 |
希瓦:迷失在藍綠色瓷瓦之間 Getting lost in blue ceramic tiles
希瓦古城大門,讓人穿梭於現代與汗國時代之間 |
希瓦古城不大,遊客也不多,在城裡漫步走著很快就可以逛完一圈。即使我在這裡只待了一個下午加一個晚上,短短的時間便足夠我把古城核心區所有景點走過並且拍過至少3遍。由於希瓦的菁華是伊斯蘭教建築,這裡就簡單介紹一下最常見的3種:
There are three typical ancient architectures in Khiva:
1. 經學院(madrasah, religious school in Islam world),泛指所有伊斯蘭文化圈裡的學校,並非僅限於宗教學校,其特色是有著至少兩層樓高的宏偉大門,裡面呈現四合院格局並且有個偌大的露天中庭,周圍環繞著許多的房間,最大看點就是建築表面上以不同層次的藍綠色磁磚融合阿拉伯文字創造出的美麗幾何圖案。
2. 清真寺(mosque),伊斯蘭教的禮拜場所,格局和經學院有非常顯著的不同,其中最明顯的便是開放空間很多,從露天中庭一直延伸的屋頂下的柱廊。希瓦的清真寺不大,卻擁有非常特別的木造柱廊,數百根柱子貫穿全寺,每根上面都有著精美的浮雕。
3. 宣禮塔(minaret, a tower to call Muslims to worship),挺拔高大的圓塔,用途是叫喚伊斯蘭教徒前往禮拜。希瓦擁有一棟45公尺高的Islam Khoja Minaret,但最知名的地標卻是一棟開了工卻從未完成的小宣禮塔Kalta Minor,原本預計要蓋到70至80公尺高,卻在蓋到29公尺時就停工,已經蓋好的部分一點都不像是宣禮塔,反而比較像是一個大水槽,但因為這個大水槽的青藍色表面實在太過漂亮,因此成為希瓦最知名的地標。
像是個大水槽的希瓦地標小宣禮塔Kalta Minor |
希瓦最高的宣禮塔,45公尺高的Islam Khoja Minaret |
在古城的街道上走是不用買票的,但進入部分室內景點則要。我前往的時候售票規則是:本國人只要花1,000-5,000som就可以買到個別景點的門票,外國觀光客則只能在大門口買100,000som的通票。我當下就決定不買,反正先把所有免費的地方看完再說,結果發現許多地方其實都沒有人在收費;即使是要收費的,裡面也大多是紀念品店,真的不太值得花錢進去。
在希瓦的這段時間,我把整座城繞了好幾次,試圖捕捉它在不同時間的不同面貌,也和好幾種不同的人擦身而過。
All tourist spots admit locals for a much cheaper price; if you're a foreigner, not only the admission is more expensive, but you have to buy the all-in-one ticket, which costs 100,000som. My experience is, it's NOT needed to get that all-in-one ticket, as not all spots are worth checking out. Also, some spots you can just walk in. No one is actually there to collect fares.
下午大約5點,我來到古城西隅的Kunya-Ark Citadel,也就是以前希瓦汗國的行政中心所在,過去繁華的宮殿如今裡面空無一物,只剩下賣紀念品的小販。原本並沒有打算要進去,但後來發現有個可以眺望全城的高台,入口就在裡面,這是不是意味著我需要回到古城大門口去買那100,000som的通票?
我決定先在城堡門口逗留一下,看看有沒有什麼「方法」可以進去。那時候城堡門口正好有個小男孩,反覆的玩著「讓硬幣從斜坡上滾下」的遊戲;一見到我拿著單眼相機,就毫不怕生的拿起硬幣讓我拍照,還很有誠意的附上相當天真的微笑。
Kunya-Ark Citadel was the palace of the Khiva Khanate, and inside the citadel there is an overlook where tourists can go up to see the entire city. But that means I had to buy the all-in-one admission to enter the citadel, and pay some extra to go up on the overlook. How can I get around this? While thinking, a boy was playing a coin on a slope. Upon seeing my DSLR, he held the coin and turned to me with a smily face. I caught a great picture at that moment.
這時候來了一群似乎也是想要上去高台的遊客,到了城堡門口跟管理員好說歹說,結果不知怎的就真的這樣沒付錢就進去了;一看到這個畫面我馬上衝到門口,比手畫腳跟管理員說我要進去,並且指指方才免費進去的那批遊客。就這樣,我成功進入了城堡與宮殿區,然後花了10,000som爬上裡面的高台。
下午5點還是很熱,我索性躲在高台上的陰影中,望著眼前的古城,享受了整整一個小時的伊斯蘭風景。在這期間許多遊客也上來拍照,值得注意的是其中雖然有不少外國觀光客,卻還有更多的烏茲別克本地人(後來幾天的觀察證明,烏茲別克本國人也非常喜歡到這些知名景點旅遊)。看著他們拿著手機幫彼此拍照留念,我開始覺得自己應該也要留下「到此一遊」的證明,於是硬著頭皮比手畫腳請他們幫我拍照,結果得到意外的驚喜:我的照片不是個人的獨照,而是我和他們向朋友般搭著肩的合照!比起我一個外人孤零零的站在畫面裡,這種有溫度的旅遊紀念照價值更勝一籌呀!
Finally, another group of foreign tourists arrived. After some nagging with the admission person, they got it without paying the citadel admission. Then I went over and tried the same thing. Finally I got in without the all-in-one ticket! It costed another 10,000som to get on the overlook, and I paid it.
It was extremely hot then, so I hid myself in the shadow on top of the overlook for an hour, while enjoying the view of the city. During that time, some other tourists also came up to take pictures. In order to have something to share with my family, I decided to ask some locals to take a picture for me, and I did that with gestures. Then surprisingly, one of them took my phone, and another person just stepped into the photo. I guess I thought I wanted to take a photo "with them", but this is the beauty of miscommunication! I got something even better than I thought.
Kunya-Ark Citadel裡的高台,得先進入城堡中並且被收兩次錢才能上去 |
高台上所見的古城全景 |
原本請當地人幫我照相,結果得到的卻是我們都入了鏡的合照! |
晚飯之後我再次回到城裡繞啊繞的,嘗試捕捉到夕陽西下時城牆被染紅的畫面。城裡的大部分地區仍然保留著土造建築的面貌,也仍然有人居住,傍晚孩童在街上嬉戲的景象和台灣鄉下所見並無二致,讓我走在城牆上不禁想起曾經居住過三年的屏東縣恆春鎮,一個同樣有著一座古城的地方。
晚上與清晨,二度回到城裡散步,再一次的記錄下它不同時間的樣貌。
I took another few strokes around the city in the late afternoon and evening.
夜裡的小宣禮塔Kalta Minor,打上了燈光在建築群中更加顯眼 |
坐著共乘計程車走絲路 Traveling the Silk Road with shared taxi
原本我一直猶豫著在希瓦應該要停留一天還是兩天,但當我發現其實只要半天多的時間就可以把這座城徹底繞個3、4次之後,就決定第二天馬上往下一站布哈拉(Bukhara)移動。從希瓦到布哈拉,雖然火車理論上可以到達,但必須搭到更遙遠的Naovi換車,因此大多數背包客的走法都是直接從希瓦找共乘計程車前往。第一天入住時,青旅老闆就告訴我隔天還有一個人要去布哈拉,我們可以一起叫車,我便決定和他一起同行。一起前往布哈拉的旅伴叫Toon,來自比利時,曾經在科技業做行銷,工作幾年後決定休一年假出來走走。原本是整整一年環遊世界的行程,卻因為出發前不久認識了現在的女友,而決定把行程拆成前後幾段,中間則回國陪女友。此外,共乘計程車上還有只跟我們坐了一小段的日本男生Yuki,蓄鬍留長髮,在青旅期間大都一個人坐在涼台上抽煙,有著十足的藝術家氣息,同樣也是正在環遊世界一年。不得不說當我認識這些人之後,原本自己覺得頗有份量的六週行程瞬間顯得相當短暫。
從希瓦到布哈拉的距離是450公里,車程大約是6-8小時,費用90,000som,司機會在出發前把剩下的空位全部塞滿,5個人就這樣擠在狹小的轎車裡一整天;而且無論氣溫多高,司機都沒有一點想要把空調打開的意思;至於道路,中間大多數是中亞相當罕見的四線道公路,既平又直,時速可以跑到100以上,靠近希瓦及布哈拉的部分則路況比較差,不少時候都是顛簸的。
一路上除了Toon和我之外的3個人用烏茲別克語聊著,Toon低頭靜靜的背著單字,我則一路都凝視著窗外,不願意浪費路上的一點風景。中亞雖然乾燥,烏茲別克卻得天獨厚的擁有著其中最肥沃的地方,路上甚至可以看到規模宏大的人工湖。
Realizing that I didn't have to spend two days in Khiva, I decided to move on to Bukhara the next day (May 11). At the hostel I met a Belgium guy Toon, which was on his one-year around-the-world adventure. We decided to get on a shared taxi together. The next morning, the taxi driver picked us up and filled the car with another two locals. Then we set out on the 300-mile ride to Bukhara. It was smooth most of the time on a 4-lane divided highway, although the beginning and the end was very bumpy.
烏茲別克農村的風景 |
當地人把礦泉水與飲料直接堆疊在自家門口販賣 |
中亞由於天然氣資源豐沛,所有車子幾乎都是以天然氣為動力,圖為加氣站 |
中亞其實不像大多數人以為的那樣乾旱,照片中遠方可以見到人工湖以及湖岸的綠地 |
大約下午2時,車子在路邊停了下來,全車人來到路邊的餐廳吃午餐。在中亞吃飯,熱茶和饢餅是每餐必有的基本款,大家則各自在另外點菜。想當然爾,Toon和我都不諳當地語言,和司機以及店家比劃了許久,最後就抱持著等待驚喜的心情期待食物的到來。最後,司機和其他乘客吃到的是當地常見的牛肉燉湯,我們吃到的則是看起來一般、口味卻相當不凡的烤牛肉串。
最後大約下午5時抵達布哈拉的青旅Amir。憑良心講,這家的環境其實一點都不好,背包房不但空間狹隘而且有點老舊,而公用的浴室更只是倉庫裡用浴簾圍起來的一個角落,甚至據說在旺季的時候,會把客廳擺上沙發床當成背包房賣;只不過這間目前還是booking.com上面可以查到的布哈拉唯一一家青年旅社,因此大多數人還是選擇這裡。我和Toon最後決定多花一點點錢住相對好一點的二人房。
Around 2pm, we stopped at a local restaurants. Toon and I didn't know what to order, and there was nobody who could communicate with us. We therefore decided to play it by ear. We ended up getting grilled steak, which looked simple but tasted fantastic. Just like all other meals in Central Asia, it was served with tea and naan. Afterwards around 5pm, we arrived at the highest rated hostel Amir in Bukhara. To be honest, I don't think it worths the 8/10 rating on booking.com. The backpacker dorm is a bit sketchy, and I had to take showers in a storage space. Finally Toon and I decided to settle down in a two-bed room, which is a bit nicer than the dorm.
路上隨便停下來吃的午餐,我們吃到的主食是多汁鮮美的烤牛肉串,中間是以小黃瓜、番茄與洋蔥構成的沙拉 |
布哈拉唯一的青年旅館Amir其實環境並不算太好,但提供的簡單早餐裝在瓷盤上就是顯得高級一些 |
布哈拉:古蹟與夜總會的奇妙融合
同樣曾經是汗國的都城所在,布哈拉比希瓦更像是個城市,城牆已經不見,但繁華的程度就像任何一座現代城市。造訪之前看著網路論壇上的心得分享,布哈拉和撒馬爾罕各有其擁護者,但大多數人都說布哈拉比較有古城的感覺,比較能體驗世界文化遺產的氛圍⋯⋯。
On web forums, Bukhara and Samarkand each has its advocates. Some said Bukhara is more like an ancient city, and has more to see as a world heritage site. However, I was greatly disappointed immediately after reaching the old city.
事實證明,我的感受和他們大相徑庭。布哈拉的確伊斯蘭建築不少,而且非常的集中,多少會讓人有種沈浸在幾世紀前的中亞草原汗國中的感覺;然而,這些古蹟內部商業化的程度可以說是三座古城之首——過去的市集與經學院,如今都充斥著販賣手工藝品的店家,或者變成專門做觀光客生意的餐廳,其中不少小販還能用流利的英文向我們推銷商品。最讓我驚嚇的是到了晚上,這些建築都會點燈,但點上的可不是那種照在建築外牆上的投射燈,而是沿著建築輪廓伸展的霓虹燈,活生生的把這個古城弄得像夜總會一樣⋯⋯。我和Toon一起繞了幾圈,在市中心池塘Labi Hovuz邊的景觀餐廳吃了個飯,我決定自己背著腳架往外面走,看看能不能找到銅臭味比較沒那麼重的角落。
The old city was very commercialized. Most madrassas have been turned into restaurants and gift shops. What's even worse is in the evening, the buildings are lit up with neon lights, similar to the US pubs and motels in the 60s. Vendors cannot speak English well, but they were fluent when selling us artifacts... After having dinner by the Labi Hovuz pond, I decided to leave the city center alone, in search of a quieter space in other parts of the city.
經學院的用途已經轉變為餐廳與手工藝品店 |
Labi Hovuz池塘四周都成為露天餐廳,讓整個古城變得像夜總會一樣。 |
從市中心往西北邊走去,離開了繁華喧鬧的Labi Hovuz池塘四週,來到正門相對的Kalon清真寺和Mir-i-Arab經學院以及清真寺旁的大宣禮塔。這裡比較接近我所想像的布哈拉,古老、安靜而深邃,16世紀留下的建築至今仍然在運作中。或許正是因為這裡是仍在運作的清真寺與經學院,很幸運的沒有被商店與餐廳入侵,在這裡可以找到古城應有的寧靜。
Finally, on the northwest side of the city, the Kalon mosque and the Mir-i-Arab madrasa brought me back to a genuine ancient city. The mosque and the madrasa were both functioning, and therefore were not intruded by restaurants and gift shops.
隔天(5月12日)早上,我和Toon都決定可以當天就往下一個城市移動——Toon覺得這裡太無聊了,雖然建築到了晚上看起來像夜總會但又沒有真正的酒吧,我則覺得這裡商業氣氛太過濃厚。因此我們早上起來第一件事情,就是一起到青旅附近的火車票代售點買下午前往撒馬爾罕的高鐵車票。事先已經請青旅老闆幫忙在地圖標記好代售點的位置,因此覺得應該不會有太大問題吧。
結果我們兩人竟然花了快半小時找售票點!先是在青旅老闆標記的位置找不到,跑到一家旅館問,得到的答案是在另一條街上的銀行旁邊;結果到了銀行,行員又說是在另一條街的岔路口邊;到了岔路口沒看到售票點只看到其他商家,又硬著頭皮問了一家電器行,最後終於被店員帶到正確的售票窗口。這個經驗讓我們學到一件事情:雖然智慧型手機在中亞已經漸漸普及,但並不是所有人都可以很精確的把真實世界的地點和地圖上的位置對應起來,因此很多時候用文字描述地點還是有必要的。
The next day (May 12), Toon and I both felt we've got enough from this city, and we again decided to move together to the next city Samarkand. It took us some effort to find the ticket office in the city, as the locals had a hard time showing the location on map apps. One lesson we learned is: don't overly rely on map apps, as the locals are unlikely to relate a marker on the map to the actual location accurately.
買好票距離火車出發還有半天時間,Toon覺得自己已經把這個城市逛透了,乾脆就在房間休息,我則繼續滑著trip advisor和wiki travel,深怕自己遺漏了什麼重要的景點。突然我發現了一個自己還沒有去的地方——Lonely planet中亞篇封面照片裡的清真寺,Chor Minor。這間藏在住宅區小巷裡的瑰寶並不好找,但當地人似乎一看到外國人就知道是要來看Chor Minor的,不等你開口就直接把路指給你看。我就這樣在豔陽高照下來到這間有著四根藍綠色圓塔的清真寺,如同其他景點,裡面有著賣東西兼收門票的小販,英文未必好但至少知道怎麼向觀光客收錢。
Before leaving the city, I visited Chor Minor, the building on the cover page of Lonely Planet Central Asia. It's a bit away from the city center and hidden in a residential area, but the locals are always happy to point the direction to you. Again you have to pay extra 5,000som to get on the roof. I think taking photos around it should be enough.
最後的漏網之魚反而是布哈拉最重要的景點,The Ark,也就是以前汗國時代的城堡與統治中心。這裡從西元第5世紀就已經被建成要塞,即使後來成為沙俄附庸之後仍然被傀儡統治者使用,直到1920年被蘇聯廢除為止。這裡觀光客(包括本國與外國的)非常多,多到讓我有點猶豫要不要花15,000som的門票錢進去,但事後證明進去是對的——除了能夠看到保存至今的建築、遠眺整個城市之外,最重要的是裡面有許多關於歷史、文化與藝術的展覽,能夠對過去汗國的歷史有更多了解。
The Ark was the palace of the Bukhara Khanate until the early 20th century. There are many tourists (both foreign and domestic), and the admission costed 15,000som for foreigners. I hesitated but later found it worth -- not only I was able to see the architecture and overlook the city, the exhibition provided some useful information and context to understand the history and culture of the khanate. It's definitely worth.
時速200公里前往撒馬爾罕 Taking high-speed train to Samarkand
烏茲別克在中亞五國裡面並非經濟最好的,但如同前面所說正好擁有中亞最肥沃的土地以及以前蘇聯留下的公共建設,因此某些方面現代化的程度也讓人驚訝,其中一個讓人印象深刻的點就是他們的高鐵,也就是我和Toon前往撒馬爾罕的交通工具。
Uzbekistan doesn't have the best economy in Central Asia, but it does possess the best means of transportation: a high-speed rail system. It was upgraded from the Soviet-era rail system. Toon and I took it from Bukhara to Samarkand.
布哈拉火車站,距離市區非常遠 |
烏茲別克高鐵車廂,注意其長度相當短但節數多,這點完全承襲了西班牙高鐵的特色 |
烏茲別克的高鐵是以前蘇聯時代興建的鐵路改建提速而成(和中國近年既存鐵路提速的方式類似),列車本身則是西班牙的Talgo技術,因此列車和設施都有著濃濃的歐洲風味,也有著西班牙高鐵「車廂短、節數多」的特色。我們很早就叫了計程車來到距離市中心很遠的Kogan車站,進站也得先通過重重安檢,但站內就是一個和世界各國高鐵沒有太多差別的環境:乾淨、新穎、高科技。
The system is very similar to Spain's high-speed train Ave. The cars are short, but the number of cars are many. Security check is required before entering the station, but after the security check, the station and facilities are very contemporary.
車廂內裝相當新穎,車廂間有觸控式自動門,空調非常給力 |
車廂內裝,和西班牙高鐵一樣分為一等與二等,圖為二等車廂 |
餐車內一景 |
Drastically different from the trip from Khiva to Bukhara, it was fast (at the speed of 120-mile) and pleasant (especially the AC). We covered the 130-mile trip in just slightly over an hour.
高鐵前往撒馬爾罕沿路風景 |
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